Medication Adherence and Health Insurance/Health Benefit in Adult Diabetics in Kingston, Jamaica.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between health insurance/health benefit and medication adherence amongst adult diabetic patients in Kingston, Jamaica. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. The target population was diabetics who attended the diabetic outpatient clinics in health centres in Kingston. Two health centres were selectively chosen in Kingston. All diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinics and over the age of 18 years were conveniently sampled. The sample size was 260. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized which assessed health insurance/health benefit. Adherence was measured by patients' self-reports of medication usage in the previous week. The Chi-squared test was used to determine the significance of associations. RESULTS: Sample population was 76% female and 24% male. Type 2 diabetics comprised 93.8%. More than 95% of patients were over the age of 40 years. Approximately 32% of participants were employed. Approximately 75% of patients had health insurance/health benefit. Among those who had health insurance or health benefit, 71.5% were adherent and 28.5% were non-adherent. This difference was statistically significant (χ2 = 6.553, p = 0.01). Prevalence of medication non-adherence was 33%. CONCLUSIONS: AIn Kingston, diabetic patients who are adherent are more likely to have health insurance/health benefit (p = 0.01).

The epidemiology of suicide in Jamaica 2002-2010: rates and patterns / Epidemiología del suicidio en Jamaica de 2002 a 2010: tasas y patrones

OBJECTIVE: Suicide is increasingly recognized as a worldwide problem. There is a paucity of quality data pertaining to suicide in developing countries. Epidemiological analysis of suicide data elucidates prevailing patterns that facilitate risk factor identification and the development of germane programmatic responses. This paper analyses temporal variations in suicide rates for the years 2002-2010 in Jamaica and describes the sociodemographic profile of cases and method of suicide for the latter four years. METHOD: Data pertaining to suicides were extracted from the police (The Jamaica Constabulary Force) records. These were summarized and analysed with respect to person, place and time. Population statistics for the computation of rates were obtained from publications of the Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Age-standardized rates were generated for comparison of trends over time. Poisson and binomial probabilities were used to determine statistically significant differences in rates. RESULTS: Suicide rates in Jamaica have remained relatively stable for the period reviewed with mean overall annual incidence of 2.1 per 100 000 population. Rates for males were significantly higher than those for females. The majority (90.4%) of suicide cases were males. A trend for higher rates of suicide was generally noted in the 25-34-year and the 75-year and over age groups. Hanging was the main method used to commit suicide (77.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Age-adjusted rates of suicide indicate no significant changes in Jamaica over the period 2002 to 2010. Continued surveillance of suicide as well as improved recording of the circumstances surrounding suicides are recommended to promote greater understanding of suicides and this will ultimately inform intervention strategies.

OBJETIVO: El suicidio adquiere cada vez mayor reconocimiento como problema mundial. Existe una escasez de datos cualitativos en relación con el suicidio en los países en vías de desarrollo. El análisis epidemiológico de los datos sobre suicidio dilucida los patrones prevalecientes que facilitan la identificación de factores de riesgo y el desarrollo de respuestas programáticas relacionadas. El presente trabajo analiza las variaciones temporales de las tasas de suicidio durante los años 2002-2010 en Jamaica, y describe el perfil demográfico de los casos y métodos de suicidio durante los últimos cuatro años. MÉTODO: Datos relacionados con el suicidio fueron tomados de los archivos de la policía (Jamaica Constabulary Force). Los mismos fueron resumidos y analizados con respecto a la persona, el lugar y el tiempo. Se obtuvieron estadísticas de la población para el cómputo de tasas, Las estadísticas fueron tomadas de las publicaciones del Instituto Estadístico de Jamaica. Se generaron tasas estandarizadas por edad con el fin de hacer una comparación de las tendencias a través del tiempo. Se usaron probabilidades binomiales y de Poisson, para determinar las diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las tasas. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de suicidio en Jamaica han permanecido relativamente estables en el periodo bajo estudio, con una incidencia promedio anual general de 2.1 por 100 000 habitantes. Las tasas de los varones fueron significativamente más altas que las de las hembras. La mayoría (90.4%) de los casos de suicidio fueron varones. Se observó generalmente una tendencia a tasas más altas de suicidio en los grupos de edades de 25-34 años, y 75 años o más. El ahorcamiento fue el método principal usado para cometer suicidio (77.5%). CONCLUSIONES: Las tasas de suicidio ajustadas por edad no indican ningún cambio significativo en Jamaica en el periodo de 2002 a 2010. Se recomienda una vigilancia continuada de los actos de suicidio así como el mejoramiento de los registros de las circunstancias en torno a los mismos, a fin de promover un mayor entendiendo de estos, con lo cual se podrán lograr a la larga estrategias de intervención bien informadas.

Suicide among adolescents in Jamaica: what do we know? / El suicidio entre los adolescentes de Jamaica: ¿qué sabemos?

Suicide is increasingly acknowledged as a global problem. Yet little is known worldwide about suicide rates among adolescents. Several social factors that exist in Jamaica present as stressors and may predispose to suicide. Ascertaining prevailing patterns and associated factors is important for crafting interventions. This paper establishes adolescent suicide rates for the years 2007-2010 in Jamaica and provides related epidemiological data. METHOD: Data pertaining to suicides were extracted from standardized data collected by the police. Information regarding the number of suicides among adolescents, 9-19 years of age, was reviewed for the years 2007-2010. Sociodemographic characteristics of cases: gender, location and occupation along with related variables were also examined. Variation of rates over time was ascertained. Statistically significant associations were determined by reference to p-values and confidence intervals. RESULTS: The incidence for suicide in adolescents was 1.1 per 100 000. Rates for males were significantly higher than females. Most suicide cases were students and the majority of cases was from rural areas (65%). Hanging was the main method used to commit suicide (96.2%). Items of clothing were commonly used for this purpose. CONCLUSION: Male adolescent suicide rates showed an upward trend in contrast to the downward trend for females in the four-year period studied. Continued surveillance is needed for greater understanding of adolescent suicides. Collaboration among health services, parents, schools and communities is integral in prevention efforts. Recent media coverage of suicides provides a window of opportunity to galvanize support for research and the development of intervention strategies.

OBJETIVO: El suicidio se reconoce cada vez más como un problema mundial. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre las tasas de suicidio entre los adolescentes. Varios factores sociales en Jamaica constituyen factores estresantes que pueden predisponer al suicidio. Determinar los patrones prevalecientes y los factores asociados, resulta importante a la hora de diseñar las intervenciones. El presente trabajo establece tasas de suicidio entre adolescentes en los años 2007-2010 en Jamaica, y proporciona datos epidemiológicos relacionados. MÉTODO: Se extrajeron datos en relación con los suicidios a partir de los datos estandarizados recopilados por la policía. Se examinó la información sobre el número de suicidios entre los adolescentes de 9-19 años de edad, durante los años 2007-2010. También se examinaron las características socio-demográficas de los casos - género, lugar, y ocupación - junto con otras variables relacionadas. Se estableció la variación de las tasas a través del tiempo. Se determinaron las asociaciones estadísticamente significativas mediante nm la referencia a los valores p y los intervalos de confianza. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de suicidios en adolescentes fue 1.1 por 100 000. Las tasas para los varones fueron significativamente más altas que para las hembras. La mayoría de los casos de suicidios se trató de estudiantes, y la mayor parte de los suicidios tuvo lugar en áreas rurales (65%). El ahorcamiento fue el método principal usado para cometer suicidio (96.2%). Artículos de vestir fueron comúnmente usados para este propósito. CONCLUSIÓN: Las tasas de suicidio entre adolescentes varones mostraron una tendencia creciente, en contraste con la tendencia descendente para las hembras en el periodo de cuatro años bajo estudio. Se necesita una vigilancia permanente a fin de lograr una mayor comprensión del suicidio entre adolescentes. La colaboración entre los servicios de salud, los padres, la escuela, y la comunidad, son fundamentales para lograr esfuerzos integrados para prevenir los casos de suicidio. La cobertura reciente de los medios de difusión sobre los casos de suicidio abre una ventana que impulsa el apoyo a la investigación y al desarrollo de estrategias de intervención.

Suicide among adolescents in Jamaica: what do we know?

UNLABELLED: Suicide is increasingly acknowledged as a global problem. Yet little is known worldwide about suicide rates among adolescents. Several social factors that exist in Jamaica present as stressors and may predispose to suicide. Ascertaining prevailing patterns and associated factors is important for crafting interventions. This paper establishes adolescent suicide rates for the years 2007-2010 in Jamaica and provides related epidemiological data. METHOD: Data pertaining to suicides were extracted from standardized data collected by the police. Information regarding the number of suicides among adolescents, 9-19 years of age, was reviewed for the years 2007-2010. Sociodemographic characteristics of cases: gender, location and occupation along with related variables were also examined. Variation of rates over time was ascertained. Statistically significant associations were determined by reference to p-values and confidence intervals. RESULTS: The incidence for suicide in adolescents was 1.1 per 100 000. Rates for males were significantly higher than females. Most suicide cases were students and the majority of cases was from rural areas (65%). Hanging was the main method used to commit suicide (96.2%). Items of clothing were commonly used for this purpose. CONCLUSION: Male adolescent suicide rates showed an upward trend in contrast to the downward trend for females in the four-year period studied. Continued surveillance is needed for greater understanding of adolescent suicides. Collaboration among health services, parents, schools and communities is integral in prevention efforts. Recent media coverage of suicides provides a window of opportunity to galvanize support for research and the development of intervention strategies.

The epidemiology of suicide in Jamaica 2002-2010: rates and patterns.

OBJECTIVE: Suicide is increasingly recognized as a worldwide problem. There is a paucity of quality data pertaining to suicide in developing countries. Epidemiological analysis of suicide data elucidates prevailing patterns that facilitate risk factor identification and the development of germane programmatic responses. This paper analyses temporal variations in suicide rates for the years 2002-2010 in Jamaica and describes the sociodemographic profile of cases and method of suicide for the latter four years. METHOD: Data pertaining to suicides were extracted from the police (The Jamaica Constabulary Force) records. These were summarized and analysed with respect to person, place and time. Population statistics for the computation of rates were obtained from publications of the Statistical Institute of Jamaica. Age-standardized rates were generated for comparison of trends over time. Poisson and binomial probabilities were used to determine statistically significant differences in rates. RESULTS: Suicide rates in Jamaica have remained relatively stable for the period reviewed with mean overall annual incidence of 2.1 per 100 000 population. Rates for males were significantly higher than those for females. The majority (90.4%) of suicide cases were males. A trend for higher rates of suicide was generally noted in the 25-34-year and the 75-year and over age groups. Hanging was the main method used to commit suicide (77.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Age-adjusted rates of suicide indicate no significant changes in Jamaica over the period 2002 to 2010. Continued surveillance of suicide as well as improved recording of the circumstances surrounding suicides are recommended to promote greater understanding of suicides and this will ultimately inform intervention strategies.